Thallus may be single-celled to branched filaments. Answer Answer: (a) Deuteromycetes are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the asexual or vegetative phases of these fungi are known and perfect or sexual stage is either absent or not known. Some members like Nostoc, Anabaena etc. The fossils are filamentous, around 3 m in diameter, and grew on plants and the sediment itself. For the moment, let's concentrate on the thallus of Paraparmelia lithophiloides. Explore More: Thallophytes. The Ascomycota is the largest phylum of fungi encompassing more than 33,000 named species and a vast number of undescribed fungi.

Algal cells are eukaryotic. Fusarium species are a large group of filamentous fungi belonging to the hyphomycetes. Basidiomycota (/ b s d i. o m a k o t /) is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi.Members are known as basidiomycetes.

Tissue differentiation is well marked. Sexual reproduction, an important source of genetic variability, allows the fungus to adapt to new environments. In biology, taxonomy (from Ancient Greek () 'arrangement', and - () 'method') is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics. 119. Specific general characteristics of algae are common to plants as well as animals. Fungi differentiate themselves from other eukaryotes like plant and animals by having chitin in their cell walls. They range from simple branched, filamentous forms [Ectocarpus] to profusely branched forms as represented by kelps, which may reach a height of 100 metres. Many of these funguslike organisms are included in Rhizoids are absent. There'll be more about apothecia and other spore-producing structures a little further on.

They cluster together to form mycelium which make up the thallus or fruiting body of the fungus. Reproduction Oomycota forms a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms, called oomycetes (/ o. Rather, they are thalloid and are therefore characterized by a thallus (leaf-like vegetative tissue) and root-like filamentous known as rhizoids. Thallospore - spore formed by a change in portions of the thallus 37.

In cyanobacteria, reproduction occurs vegetatively and asexually. Examples include green algae, red algae and brown algae. filamentous fungi (Zolan 1995; Spanu et al. Monerans and Protistans1.3 Nutrition1.4 II. Parasitology Parasites include things that live internal (endoparasites) or external (ectoparasites) to the infected (or infested) host Broadly speaking, all Stomata is present. The fungi contain a cell wall that is formed of polysaccharides and chitin. Thallus - the vegetative body of a fungus 38. Whittaker (1969) classified living organisms under five kingdoms; Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia based on various features such as complexity of cellular and body structure, mode of nutrition, etc. It is estimated that there are 2.2 million to 3.8 million species of fungi but only about 120,000 have been identified and described. It is also called as Algae-Fungi because most of the No asexual reproduction

A new genus of lichen, Winfrenatia, has been recovered from the Rhynie chert. The thallus part of the plant contains photosynthetic tissue (where chlorophyll pigments are located) while the rhizoid attaches the plant to the substrate. Phylogenetic analyses using genes and intergenic regions have confirmed the assertions of earlier systematists that the oomycetes are different from fungi. The thallus is formed of a large number of fine, tubular, thread-like filaments called hyphae (sin. Rhizoids are absent. Rhizoids are absent. Fungi are microscopic or macroscopic, non-chlorophyllated, spore bearing, filamentous, heterotrophic thallophytes which reproduce asexually and sexually Animals are eukaryotic living organism that feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli. (iii) Conidiophore produces conidia (spores) exogenously in the chain. Bryophyta: Fungi (non-pigmented thallophytes) Lichens: Symbiotic association between algae and fungi. Organisms are grouped into taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank; groups of a given rank can be aggregated to

The word syncytium in animal embryology is used to refer to the coenocytic blastoderm of invertebrates. Q.47. They occasionally form structured colonies which go on to create microbial mats. They come in many colors, sizes, and forms and are sometimes plant-like, but are not plants. In most lichens it is the thallus that is dominant and when talking about lichen growth forms it is always the thallus that is being described. The thallus is made up of parenchymatous cells. Thallus may be single-celled to branched filaments. Most fungi reproduce by spores and have a body (thallus) composed of microscopic tubular cells called hyphae. Bryophyta A lichen (/ l a k n / LY-kn, also UK: / l t n / LITCH-n) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship. Fungi have ancient origins, with evidence indicating they likely first appeared about one billion years ago, though the fossil record of fungi is scanty. Read the given statements and answer the question. On the basis of the organisation of the vegetative thallus, the morphology of reproductive structures, the way of spores production and particular life cycle involved the kingdom mycota is classified into following divisions.. Phycomycetes. (SDA, PDA) and have a waxy glabrous, convoluted thallus with a creamy to buff-colored surface. Rhizoids are absent. 2010; Duplessis et al. Asexual reproduction occurs through aplanospores or zoospores. They are mostly found in filamentous cyanobacteria like the members of Nostoc, Oscillotoria etc. Mycetoma - a clinical syndrome of localized, tumorous lesions in cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues due to infections, often a foot, with actinomycetes or fungi. Lichens have properties different from those of their component organisms. For example, the association between the roots of vascular plants and fungi called mycorrhizae.Fungi also are found in the upper portions of many plants. Mold - term generally referring to filamentous fungi 19. The fungi kingdom contains eukaryotic organisms such as mushrooms, molds, mildews, and yeasts. The algal cell walls consist of mannans, cellulose and Galatians. A coenocyte (/ s i n s a t /) is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast to a syncytium, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass. Following a period of intensive growth, fungi enter a reproductive phase by forming and releasing vast quantities of spores.Spores are usually single cells produced by fragmentation of the mycelium or within specialized structures (sporangia, gametangia, sporophores, etc.). The fungi can be both multicellular and unicellular.

The hyphae are long, thread-like structures. Many filamentous members possess specialized cells of Scytonema, Gloeocapsa, and Chroococcus grow symbiotically with different fungi and form lichen. The process of sexual reproduction among the fungi is in many ways unique. 2011), making. hypha). Identify the correct class of fungi which have all the below-given characteristics. Figure 1. Like all fungi, lichen fungi require carbon as a food source; this is provided by their symbiotic algae and/or cyanobacteria, that are photosynthetic. A lichen is not a single organism; it is a stable symbiotic association between a fungus and algae and/or cyanobacteria. The lichen symbiosis is thought to be a mutualism, since both the fungi and the photosynthetic partners, called The phylum includes yeasts and filamentous fungi, fungi that partner with algae and cyanobacteria to form lichen symbioses, mycorrhizal species, saprotrophs, and pathogens of plants and animals. (i) It includes unicellular as well as multicellular fungi. Asexual reproduction occurs through aplanospores or zoospores. The largest organisms now found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size.Some organisms group together to form a superorganism (such as ants or bees), but such are not classed as single large organisms.The Great Barrier Reef is the world's largest structure The defining feature of this fungal group is the "ascus" (from Ancient Greek (asks) 'sac, wineskin'), a microscopic sexual structure in The AOL dictionary describes mycelium in the following terms: It is "the mass of interwoven filamentous hyphae that forms especially the vegetative portion of the thallus of a fungus and is often submerged in another body (as of soil or Contents1 Biological Classification Class 11 Notes Biology Chapter 21.1 Need of Classification1.2 2. Indeed, fungi appear more closely related to animals than to oomycetes, and oomycetes are more closely related to algae and to green plants (Figure 1). The network of hyphae forming a mesh-like structure is called mycelium. Mycelium (plural mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae. The plant body is thallus, which may be filamentous, Colonial, unbranched or branched and massive; Functions of Heterocyst: Helps in N 2 fixation; Helps in vegetative reproduction; It secretes enzymes that aid in growth and cell division of thallus. Reason: In Deuteromycetes, only the asexual phase is known. Archaebacteria1.5 Kingdom-Protista1.6 Protozoan Protists Biological Classification Class 11 Biology Notes Chapter 2 Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from the latest edition of NCERT books to get hypha: a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus that is the main mode of vegetative growth; septum: cell wall division between hyphae of a fungus; thallus: vegetative body of a fungus; saprophyte: any organism that lives on dead organic matter, as Tissue differentiation is well marked. Stomata is present. Lichens. The hyphae may No tissue differentiation is observed. On the Basis of Spore Production. No asexual reproduction

Thallophyta: The plant body is thallus-like (undifferentiated plant body). Stomata is absent. Reproductive processes of fungi. Common examples are Volvox, Fucus, Spirogyra, Chara, Polysiphonia, Ulothrix, etc. Whereas nuclear division in other eukaryotes, such as animals, plants, and protists, involves the dissolution and re-formation of the nuclear membrane, in fungi the nuclear membrane remains Hyphae (singular, hypha) are long, filamentous, tube-like structures which are the basic building blocks of fungi. There are also many funguslike organisms, including slime molds and oomycetes (water molds), that do not belong to kingdom Fungi but are often called fungi. Many filamentous members possess specialized cells of Scytonema, Gloeocapsa, and Chroococcus grow symbiotically with different fungi and form lichen. Stomata is absent. No tissue differentiation is observed. Indeed, some of the oldest terrestrial plantlike fossils known, called Prototaxites, which were common in all parts of The thallus may be unicellular, like in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Yeast or filamentous as in most fungi. Fungal hyphae evident within the tissues of the oldest plant fossils confirm that fungi are an extremely ancient group. For instance, algae can photosynthesize like plants, and they possess specialized structures and cell-organelles, like centrioles and flagella, found only in animals. fungus, plural fungi, any of about 144,000 known species of organisms of the kingdom Fungi, which includes the yeasts, rusts, smuts, mildews, molds, and mushrooms. Reproduction of Cyanobacteria. Thus fungi are resistant to The plant body is thallus, they may be filamentous, colonial, branched or unbranched. Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya.Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes.It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. (ii) In multicellular forms, hyphae are branched and septate. They are commonly distributed in the soil they are saprophytic fungi and are plant pathogens and thus causing a wide range of plant diseases. These endophytic fungi affect plant reproduction and palatability to herbivores. They are filamentous and heterotrophic, and can reproduce both sexually and asexually.Sexual reproduction of an oospore is the result of contact between hyphae of male antheridia and female oogonia; these spores can overwinter and are known as It includes the simplest type of fungi. can fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility. Inside hyphae are cytoplasm, nuclei, and various organelles.

m a s i t s /). Apart from unicellular yeasts, the fungi are filamentous. Some members like Nostoc, Anabaena etc. Spores may be produced either directly by asexual methods or Thallophyta includes plants with primitive and simple body structures. Many are pathogenic and infect plants and animals.Fungi also form beneficial relationships with other organisms. can fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility. Fungal colonies composed of mycelium are found in and on soil and many other substrates.A typical single spore germinates into a monokaryotic mycelium, which cannot reproduce sexually; when two compatible monokaryotic mycelia join and form a dikaryotic The fungi are formed of hyphae. Assertion: Deuteromycetes is known as fungi imperfecti. The thallus is made up of parenchymatous cells.